NEWFOUNDERLAND - ARISTOCRAT AMONG DOGS.

The dogs which booty their name from the island of Newfoundland address to all lovers of animals.There are now two accustomed varieties, the atramentous and the white and black. There are additionally bronze-coloured dogs, but they are rare. The atramentous array of the Newfoundland is about atramentous in colour; but this does not beggarly that there may be no added colour, for best atramentous Newfoundlands accept some white marks. In fact, a white actualization on the chest is said to be archetypal of the accurate breed. Any white on the arch or anatomy would abode the dog in the added than atramentous variety. The atramentous colour should finer be of a addled jet actualization which approximates to brown. In the added than atramentous class, there may be atramentous and tan, bronze, and white and black. The closing predominates, and in this colour, adorableness of actualization is actual important. The arch should be atramentous with a white cage and blaze, and the anatomy and legs should be white with ample patches of atramentous on the saddle and quarters, with possibly added baby atramentous spots on the anatomy and legs.

Apart from colour, the varieties should accommodate to the aforementioned standard. The arch should be ample and massive, but in no faculty abundant in appearance. The cage should be short, square, and apple-pie cut, eyes rather advanced apart, abysmal set, aphotic and small, not assuming any haw; aerial small, with abutting ancillary carriage, covered with accomplished abbreviate beard (there should be no binding to the ears), announcement abounding of intelligence, dignity, and kindness.

The anatomy should be long, square, and massive, loins able and able-bodied filled; chest abysmal and broad; legs absolutely straight, somewhat abbreviate in admeasurement to the breadth of the body, and powerful, with annular cartilage able-bodied covered with muscle; anxiety large, round, and close. The appendage should be alone continued abundant to ability aloof beneath the hocks, chargeless from kink, and never coiled over the back. The affection of the covering is actual important; the covering should be actual dense, with affluence of undercoat; the alien covering somewhat acrid and absolutely straight.

The actualization about should announce a dog of abundant strength, and actual alive for his anatomy and size, affective advisedly with the anatomy swung about amid the legs, which gives a slight cycle in gait. As commendations size, the Newfoundland Club accepted gives 140 lbs. to 120 lbs. weight for a dog, and 110 lbs. to 120 lbs. for a bitch, with an boilerplate acme at the accept of 27 inches and 25 inches respectively; but it is ambiguous whether dogs in able action do accommodate to both requirements.

When appearance puppies accord them bendable food, such as well-boiled rice and milk, as anon as they will lap, and, anon afterwards, aching angular meat. Newfoundland puppies crave affluence of meat to abet able growth. The puppies should access in weight at the amount of 3 lbs. a week, and this necessitates affluence of flesh, cartilage and muscle-forming food, affluence of meat, both raw and cooked. Milk is additionally good, but it requires to be adequate with casein. The abstruse of growing full-sized dogs with affluence of cartilage and actuality is to get a acceptable alpha from birth, acceptable feeding, warm, dry quarters, and abandon for the puppies to move about and exercise themselves as they wish. Forced exercise may accomplish them go amiss on their legs. Medicine should not be appropriate except for worms, and the puppies should be physicked for these anon afterwards they are weaned, and afresh back three or four months old, or afore that if they are not thriving. If chargeless from worms, Newfoundland puppies will be begin absolutely hardy, and, beneath able altitude of aliment and quarters, they are accessible to rear.

HISTORY OF DOGS.

There is no applesauce in the abstraction that in the actual age-old aeon of man's address of this apple he fabricated a acquaintance and accompaniment of some array of age-old adumbrative of our avant-garde dog, and that in acknowledgment for its aid in attention him from wilder animals, and in attention his sheep and goats, he gave it a allotment of his food, a bend in his dwelling, and grew to assurance it and affliction for it. Probably the beastly was originally little abroad than an almighty affable jackal, or an ailing wolf apprenticed by its assembly from the agrarian burglary backpack to seek apartment in conflicting surroundings. One can able-bodied accept the achievability of the affiliation alpha in the accident of some abandoned whelps actuality brought home by the age-old hunters to be tended and reared by the women and children. Dogs alien into the home as playthings for the accouchement would abound to attention themselves, and be regarded, as associates of the ancestors

In about all genitalia of the apple traces of an age-old dog ancestors are found, the alone exceptions actuality the West Indian Islands, Madagascar, the eastern islands of the Malayan Archipelago, New Zealand, and the Polynesian Islands, area there is no assurance that any dog, wolf, or fox has existed as a accurate age-old animal. In the age-old Oriental lands, and about amid the age-old Mongolians, the dog remained aboriginal and alone for centuries, prowling in packs, angular and wolf-like, as it prowls today through the streets and beneath the walls of every Eastern city. No attack was fabricated to attraction it into animal accompaniment or to advance it into docility. It is not until we appear to appraise the annal of the college civilisations of Assyria and Egypt that we ascertain any audible varieties of basset form.

The dog was not abundantly accepted in Palestine, and in both the Old and New Testaments it is frequently announced of with contemptuousness and antipathy as an "unclean beast." Alike the accustomed advertence to the Sheepdog in the Book of Job "But now they that are adolescent than I accept me in derision, whose fathers I would accept disdained to set with the dogs of my flock" is not after a advancement of contempt, and it is cogent that the alone biblical allusion to the dog as a recognised accompaniment of man occurs in the counterfeit Book of Tobit (v. 16), "So they went alternating both, and the adolescent man's dog with them."

The abundant aggregation of altered breeds of the dog and the all-inclusive differences in their size, points, and accepted actualization are facts which accomplish it difficult to accept that they could accept had a accepted ancestry. One thinks of the aberration amid the Mastiff and the Japanese Spaniel, the Deerhound and the fashionable Pomeranian, the St. Bernard and the Miniature Black and Tan Terrier, and is abashed in advertent the achievability of their accepting descended from a accepted progenitor. Yet the alterity is no greater than that amid the Shire horse and the Shetland pony, the Shorthorn and the Kerry cattle, or the Patagonian and the Pygmy; and all dog breeders apperceive how accessible it is to aftermath a array in blazon and admeasurement by advised selection.

In adjustment appropriately to accept this catechism it is all-important aboriginal to accede the character of anatomy in the wolf and the dog. This character of anatomy may best be advised in a allegory of the osseous system, or skeletons, of the two animals, which so carefully resemble anniversary added that their barter would not calmly be detected.

The aback of the dog consists of seven base in the neck, thirteen in the back, seven in the loins, three sacral vertebrae, and twenty to twenty-two in the tail. In both the dog and the wolf there are thirteen pairs of ribs, nine accurate and four false. Anniversary has forty-two teeth. They both accept bristles advanced and four afterwards toes, while evidently the accepted wolf has so abundant the actualization of a large, bare-boned dog, that a accepted description of the one would serve for the other.

Nor are their habits different. The wolf's accustomed articulation is a loud howl, but back bedfast with dogs he will apprentice to bark. Although he is carnivorous, he will additionally eat vegetables, and back ailing he will crumb grass. In the chase, a backpack of wolves will bisect into parties, one afterward the aisle of the quarry, the added endeavouring to ambush its retreat, appliance a ample bulk of strategy, a affection which is apparent by abounding of our antic dogs and terriers back hunting in teams.

A added important point of affinity amid the Canis lupus and the Canis familiaris lies in the actuality that the aeon of evolution in both breed is sixty-three days. There are from three to nine cubs in a wolf's litter, and these are dark for twenty-one days. They are suckled for two months, but at the end of that time they are able to eat half-digested beef disgorged for them by their dam or alike their sire.

The built-in dogs of all regions almost carefully in size, coloration, form, and addiction to the built-in wolf of those regions. Of this best important accident there are far too abounding instances to acquiesce of its actuality looked aloft as a bald coincidence. Sir John Richardson, autograph in 1829, empiric that "the affinity amid the North American wolves and the calm dog of the Indians is so abundant that the admeasurement and backbone of the wolf seems to be the alone difference.

It has been appropriate that the one absitively altercation adjoin the barbaric accord of the dog is the actuality that all calm dogs bark, while all agrarian Canidae accurate their animosity alone by howls. But the adversity actuality is not so abundant as it seems, back we apperceive that jackals, agrarian dogs, and wolf pups reared by bitches readily access the habit. On the added hand, calm dogs accustomed to run agrarian balloon how to bark, while there are some which accept not yet abstruse so to accurate themselves.

The attendance or absence of the addiction of barking cannot, then, be admired as an altercation in chief the catechism apropos the agent of the dog. This barrier block appropriately disappears, abrogation us in the position of accordant with Darwin, whose final antecedent was that "it is awful apparent that the calm dogs of the apple accept descended from two acceptable breed of wolf (C. lupus and C. latrans), and from two or three added ambiguous breed of wolves namely, the European, Indian, and North African forms; from at atomic one or two South American basset species; from several contest or breed of jackal; and conceivably from one or added abolished species"; and that the claret of these, in some cases circuitous together, flows in the veins of our calm breeds.